RNAi MODULATION OF HIF-1 AND THERAPUTIC USES THEREOF

ABSTRACT

The features of the present invention relate to compounds, compositions and methods useful for modulating the expression of HIF-1α, such as by the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi). The compounds and compositions include iRNA agents that can be unmodified or chemically-modified.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 11/477,028, filed on Jun. 27, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/694,382, filed Jun. 27, 2005, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to the field of HIF-1 targeted therapy and compositions and methods for modulating HIF-1α mRNA/protein levels by oligonucleotides via RNA interference which are administered locally to the eyes or systemically via injection/intravenous administration.

BACKGROUND

RNA interference or “RNAi” is a term initially coined by Fire and co-workers to describe the observation that double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can block gene expression when it is introduced into worms (Fire et al., Nature 391:806-811, 1998). Short dsRNA directs gene-specific, post-transcriptional silencing in many organisms, including vertebrates, and has provided a new tool for studying gene function. RNAi has been suggested as a method of developing a new class of therapeutic agents. However, to date, these have remained mostly as suggestions with no demonstrate proof that RNAi can be used therapeutically.

Mammals require molecular oxygen for essential metabolic processes including oxidative phosphorylation in which oxygen serves as electron acceptor during ATP formation. Systemic, local, and intracellular homeostatic responses elicited by hypoxia (the state in which oxygen demand exceeds supply) include erythropoiesis by individuals who are anemic or at high altitude (Jelkmann (1992) Physiol. Rev. 72:449-489), neovascularization in ischemic myocardium (White et al. (1992) Circ. Res. 71:1490-1500), and glycolysis in cells cultured at reduced oxygen tension (Wolfle et al. (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 135:405-412). These adaptive responses either increase oxygen delivery or activate alternate metabolic pathways that do not require oxygen. Hypoxia-inducible gene products that participate in these responses include erythropoietin (EPO) (reviewed in Semenza (1994) Hematol. Oncol. Clinics N. Amer. 8:863-884), vascular endothelial growth factor (Shweiki et al. (1992) Nature 359:843-845; Banai et al. (1994) Cardiovasc. Res. 28:1176-1179; Goldberg & Schneider (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:4355-4359), and glycolytic enzymes (Firth et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6496-6500; Semenza et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:23757-23763).

The molecular mechanisms that mediate genetic responses to hypoxia have been extensively investigated for the EPO gene, which encodes a growth factor that regulates erythropoiesis and thus blood oxygen carrying capacity (Jelkmann (1992) supra; Semenza (1994) supra). Cis-acting DNA sequences required for transcriptional activation in response to hypoxia were identified in the EPO 3′-flanking region and a trans-acting factor that binds to the enhancer, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), fulfilled criteria for a physiological regulator of EPO transcription. Inducers of EPO expression (1% oxygen, cobalt chloride [CoCl₂], and desferrioxamine [DFX]) also induced HIF-1 DNA binding activity with similar kinetics; inhibitors of EPO expression (actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and 2-aminopurine) blocked induction of HIF-1 activity; and mutations in the EPO 3′-flanking region that eliminated HIF-1 binding also eliminated enhancer function (Semenza (1994) supra). These results also support the hypothesis that oxygen tension is sensed by a hemoprotein (Goldberg et al. (1988) Science 242:1412-1415) and that a signal transduction pathway requiring ongoing transcription, translation, and protein phosphorylation participates in the induction of HIF-1 DNA-binding activity and EPO transcription in hypoxic cells (Semenza (1994) supra).

EPO expression is cell type specific, but induction of HIF-1 activity by 1% oxygen, CoCl₂, or DFX was detected in many mammalian cell lines (Wang & Semenza (1993a) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4304-4308), and the EPO enhancer directed hypoxia-inducible transcription of reporter genes transfected into non-EPO-producing cells (Wang & Semenza (1993a) supra; Maxwell et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2423-2427). RNAs encoding several glycolytic enzymes were induced by 1% oxygen, CoCl.sub.2, or DFX in EPO-producing Hep3B or non-producing HeLa cells whereas cycloheximide blocked their induction and glycolytic gene sequences containing HIF-1 binding sites mediated hypoxia-inducible transcription in transfection assays (Firth et al. (1994) supra; Semenza et al. (1994) supra). These experiments support the role of HIF-1 in activating homeostatic responses to hypoxia.

HIF-1 is a dimer composed of HIF-1α and HIF-1β subunits. While the HIF-1β subunit is constitutively expressed, the HIF-1α subunit is the limiting member of the heterodimer and therefore regulates HIF-1 levels. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is ubiquinated and rapidly degraded. However, under hypoxic conditions the rate of ubiquitination dramatically decreases and HIF-1α is stabilized, resulting in upregulation of HIF-1 dimer This is an important point and provides the rationale for targeting HIF-1α instead of HIF-1β for modulating HIF-1 activity.

Macular degeneration is a major cause of blindness in the United States and the frequency of this disorder increases with age. Macular degeneration refers to the group of diseases in which sight-sensing cells in the macular zone of the retina malfunction or loose function and which can result in debilitating loss of vital central or detail vision.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the most common form of macular degeneration, occurs in two main forms. Ninety percent of people with AMD have the form described as “dry” macular degeneration. An area of the retina is affected, which leads to slow breakdown of cells in the macula, and a gradual loss of central vision. The other form of AMD is “wet” macular degeneration. Although only 10% of people with AMD have this type, it accounts for 90% of blindness from the disease. As dry AMD progresses, new blood vessels may begin to grow and cause “wet” AMD. These new blood vessels often leak blood and fluid under the macula. This causes rapid damage to the macula that can lead to loss of central vision in a short time. iRNA agents targeting HIF-1α can be useful for the treatment of wet and dry macular degeneration.

SUMMARY

The present invention is based on the in vitro demonstration that HIF-1α can be inhibited through local and systemic administration of iRNA agents, as well as by parenteral administration of such agents and the identification of potent iRNA agents from the HIF-1α gene that can reduce RNA levels and protein levels of HIF-1α in cells particularly in an organism. Based on these findings, the present invention provides specific compositions and methods that are useful in reducing HIF-1α mRNA levels and HIF-1α protein levels in a subject, e.g., a mammal, such as a human.

The present invention specifically provides iRNA agents consisting of, consisting essentially of or comprising at least 15 or more contiguous nucleotides of the HIF-1α gene and more particularly agents that comprising 15 or more contiguous nucleotides from one of the sequences provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, or 4. The iRNA agent preferably comprises less than 30 nucleotides per strand, e.g., 21-23 nucleotides, such as those provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. The double stranded iRNA agent can either have blunt ends or more preferably have overhangs of 1-4 nucleotides from one or both 3′ ends of the agent.

Further, the iRNA agent can either contain only naturally occurring ribonucleotide subunits, or can be synthesized so as to contain one or more modifications to the sugar or base of one or more of the ribonucleotide subunits that is included in the agent. The iRNA agent can be further modified so as to be attached to a ligand that is selected to improve stability, distribution or cellular uptake of the agent, e.g. cholesterol. The iRNA agents can further be in isolated form or can be part of a pharmaceutical composition used for the methods described herein, particularly as a pharmaceutical composition formulated for delivery to the eye or formulated for parental administration. The pharmaceutical compositions can contain one or more iRNA agents, and in some embodiments, will contain two or more iRNA agents, each one directed to a different segment of a HIF-1α gene or a different HIF-1α gene.

The present invention further provides methods for reducing the level of HIF-1α protein and HIF-1α mRNA in a cell. Such methods comprise the step of administering one of the iRNA agents of the present invention to a subject as further described below. The present methods utilize the cellular mechanisms involved in RNA interference to selectively degrade the HIF-1α mRNA in a cell and are comprised of the step of contacting a cell with one of the HIF-1α iRNA agents of the present invention. Such methods can be performed directly on a cell or can be performed on a mammalian subject by administering to a subject one of the iRNA agents/pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Reduction of HIF-1α mRNA in a cell results in a reduction in the amount of HIF-1α protein produced, and in an organism (as shown in the Examples).

The methods and compositions of the invention, e.g., the methods and iRNA agent compositions can be used with any dosage and/or formulation described herein, as well as with any route of administration described herein. Particularly important is the showing herein of intraocular administration of an iRNA agent and its ability to inhibit HIF-1α protein in the eye.

In another aspect, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject. The method can include administering to the subject a composition of the invention under conditions suitable for the treatment or prevention of the disease or condition in the subject, alone or in conjunction with one or more other therapeutic compounds.

In one embodiment, the iRNA agent is administered at or near the site of unwanted HIF-1α expression, e.g., direct injection at site, by a catheter or other placement device (e.g., a retinal pellet or an implant including a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material). In one embodiment the iRNA agent is administered via an intraocular implant, which can be inserted, for example, into an anterior or posterior chamber of the eye; or into the sclera, transchoroidal space, or an avascularized region exterior to the vitreous. In another embodiment, the implant is positioned over an avascular region, such as on the sclera, so as to allow for transscleral diffusion of the drug to the desired site of treatment, e.g., to the intraocular space and macula of the eye. Furthermore, the site of transscleral diffusion is preferably in proximity to the macula.

In another embodiment, an iRNA agent is administered to the eye by injection, e.g., by intraocular, retinal, or subretinal injection.

In another embodiment, an iRNA agent is administered topically to the eye, such as by a patch or liquid eye drops, or by iontophoresis. Ointments or droppable liquids can be delivered by ocular delivery systems known in the art such as applicators or eye droppers.

In one embodiment, an iRNA is delivered at or near a site of neovascularization.

In one embodiment, an iRNA agent is administered repeatedly. Administration of an iRNA agent can be carried out over a range of time periods. It can be administered hourly, daily, once every few days, weekly, or monthly. The timing of administration can vary from patient to patient, depending upon such factors as the severity of a patient's symptoms. For example, an effective dose of an iRNA agent can be administered to a patient once a month for an indefinite period of time, or until the patient no longer requires therapy. In addition, sustained release compositions containing an iRNA agent can be used to maintain a relatively constant dosage in the area of the target HIF-1α nucleotide sequences.

In another embodiment, an iRNA agent is delivered to the eye at a dosage on the order of about 0.00001 mg to about 3 mg per eye, or preferably about 0.0001-0.001 mg per eye, about 0.03-3.0 mg per eye, about 0.1-3.0 mg per eye or about 0.3-3.0 mg per eye.

In another embodiment, an iRNA agent is administered prophylactically such as to prevent or slow the onset of a disorder or condition that affects the eye. For example, an iRNA can be administered to a patient who is susceptible to or otherwise at risk for a neovascular disorder.

In one embodiment one eye of a human is treated with an iRNA agent described herein, and in another embodiment, both eyes of a human are treated.

In another aspect, a method of inhibiting HIF-1α expression is provided. One such method includes administering an effective amount of an iRNA agent including sense and antisense sequences capable of forming an RNA duplex. The sense sequence of the iRNA agent can include a nucleotide sequence substantially identical to a target sequence of about 19 to 23 nucleotides of HIF-1α mRNA, and the antisense sequence can include a nucleotide sequence complementary to a target sequence of about 19-23 nucleotides of HIF-1α.

In another aspect, a method of treating adult onset macular degeneration is provided. One such method includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of an iRNA agent that includes sense and antisense sequences capable of forming an RNA duplex. The sense sequence can include a nucleotide sequence substantially identical to a target sequence of about 19 to 23 nucleotides of HIF-1α mRNA. The antisense sequence can include a nucleotide sequence complementary to a target sequence of about 19 to 23 nucleotides of HIF-1α mRNA.

In one embodiment, a human has been diagnosed with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and in another embodiment the human has been diagnosed with wet AMD.

In one embodiment, a human treated with an iRNA agent described herein is over the age of 50, e.g., between the ages of 75 and 80, and the human has been diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration. In another embodiment, a human treated with an iRNA agent described herein is between the ages of 30-50, and the human has been diagnosed with late onset macular degeneration. In another embodiment, a human treated with an iRNA agent described herein is between the ages of 5-20, and the human has been diagnosed with middle onset macular degeneration. In another embodiment, a human treated with an iRNA agent described herein is 7 years old or younger, and the human has been diagnosed with early onset macular degeneration.

In one aspect, methods of treating any disease or disorder characterized by unwanted HIF-1α expression are provided. Particularly preferred embodiments include the treatment of disorders of the eye or retina, which are characterized by unwanted HIF-1α expression. The disease or disorder can be a diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma, a tumor or metastatic cancer (e.g., colon or breast cancer), a pulmonary disease (e.g., asthma or bronchitis), rheumatoid arthritis, or psoriasis. Other angiogenic disorders can be treated by the methods featured in the invention.

In another aspect, the invention features a kit containing an iRNA agent of the invention. The iRNA agent of the kit can be chemically modified and can be useful for modulating the expression of a HIF-1α target gene in a cell, tissue or organism. In one embodiment, the kit contains more than one iRNA agent of the invention.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from this description, the drawings, and from the claims. This application incorporates all cited references, patents, and patent applications by references in their entirety for all purposes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: In vitro inhibition of HIF-1α using iRNA agents. iRNA agents provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 were tested for anti-HIF-1α activity as described in the Examples. Each column (bar) represents an iRNA agent provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, e.g. column 1 is the first agent in Table 1, column 2 is the first agent in Table 2, column 3 is the first agent in Table 3, and column 4 is the first agent in Table 4. The y-axis on the graph represents percent target HIF-1α mRNA as compared to the amount of target mRNA in untreated cells. The corresponding data is shown in Table 5 (FIG. 3). Active iRNA agents were identified by causing a decrease in the quantity of target HIF-1α mRNA.

FIG. 2 shows the IC50 of candidate anti-HIF-1α siRNAs as determined by Elisa assay. In vitro dose response inhibition of HIF-1α using iRNA agents was performed as described in the Examples. Active agents from Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 were tested. A dose dependent response was observed.

FIGS. 3A-3F: A spreadsheet (Table 5) shows HIF-1α mRNA levels determined by the bDNA assays described in Example 2. A corresponding graph is shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For ease of exposition the term “nucleotide” or “ribonucleotide” is sometimes used herein in reference to one or more monomeric subunits of an RNA agent. It will be understood that the usage of the term “ribonucleotide” or “nucleotide” herein can, in the case of a modified RNA or nucleotide surrogate, also refer to a modified nucleotide, or surrogate replacement moiety, as further described below, at one or more positions.

An “RNA agent” as used herein, is an unmodified RNA, modified RNA, or nucleoside surrogate, all of which are described herein or are well known in the RNA synthetic art. While numerous modified RNAs and nucleoside surrogates are described, preferred examples include those which have greater resistance to nuclease degradation than do unmodified RNAs. Examples include those that have a 2′ sugar modification, a modification in a single strand overhang, such as a 3′ single strand overhang, or, particularly if single stranded, a 5′-modification which includes one or more phosphate groups or one or more analogs of a phosphate group.

An “iRNA agent” (abbreviation for “interfering RNA agent”) as used herein, is an RNA agent, which can down-regulate the expression of a target gene, e.g., HIF-1α. While not wishing to be bound by theory, an iRNA agent may act by one or more of a number of mechanisms, including post-transcriptional cleavage of a target mRNA sometimes referred to in the art as RNAi, or pre-transcriptional or pre-translational mechanisms. An iRNA agent can be a double stranded (ds) iRNA agent.

A “ds iRNA agent” (abbreviation for “double stranded iRNA agent”), as used herein, is an iRNA agent which includes more than one, and preferably two, strands in which interchain hybridization can form a region of duplex structure. A “strand” herein refers to a contiguous sequence of nucleotides (including non-naturally occurring or modified nucleotides). The two or more strands may be, or each form a part of, separate molecules, or they may be covalently interconnected, e.g. by a linker, e.g. a polyethylene glycol linker, to form but one molecule. At least one strand can include a region which is sufficiently complementary to a target RNA. Such strand is termed the “antisense strand”. A second strand comprised in the dsRNA agent that comprises a region complementary to the antisense strand is termed the “sense strand”. However, a ds iRNA agent can also be formed from a single RNA molecule which is, at least partly; self-complementary, forming, e.g., a hairpin or panhandle structure, including a duplex region. In such case, the term “strand” refers to one of the regions of the RNA molecule that is complementary to another region of the same RNA molecule.

Although, in mammalian cells, long ds iRNA agents can induce the interferon response which is frequently deleterious, short ds iRNA agents do not trigger the interferon response, at least not to an extent that is deleterious to the cell and/or host. The iRNA agents of the present invention include molecules which are sufficiently short that they do not trigger a deleterious interferon response in mammalian cells. Thus, the administration of a composition of an iRNA agent (e.g., formulated as described herein) to a mammalian cell can be used to silence expression of an HIF-1α gene while circumventing a deleterious interferon response. Molecules that are short enough that they do not trigger a deleterious interferon response are termed siRNA agents or siRNAs herein. “siRNA agent” or “siRNA” as used herein, refers to an iRNA agent, e.g., a ds iRNA agent, that is sufficiently short that it does not induce a deleterious interferon response in a human cell, e.g., it has a duplexed region of less than 60 but preferably less than 50, 40, or 30 nucleotide pairs.

The isolated iRNA agents described herein, including ds iRNA agents and siRNA agents, can mediate silencing of a gene, e.g., by RNA degradation. For convenience, such RNA is also referred to herein as the RNA to be silenced. Such a gene is also referred to as a target gene. Preferably, the RNA to be silenced is a gene product of an HIF-1α gene.

As used herein, the phrase “mediates RNAi” refers to the ability of an agent to silence, in a sequence specific manner, a target gene. “Silencing a target gene” means the process whereby a cell containing and/or secreting a certain product of the target gene when not in contact with the agent, will contain and/or secrete at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% less of such gene product when contacted with the agent, as compared to a similar cell which has not been contacted with the agent. Such product of the target gene can, for example, be a messenger RNA (mRNA), a protein, or a regulatory element.

As used herein, the term “complementary” is used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity such that stable and specific binding occurs between a compound of the invention and a target RNA molecule, e.g. an HIF-1α mRNA molecule. Specific binding requires a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the oligomeric compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, or in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed. The non-target sequences typically differ by at least 4 nucleotides.

As used herein, an iRNA agent is “sufficiently complementary” to a target RNA, e.g., a target mRNA (e.g., a target HIF-1α mRNA) if the iRNA agent reduces the production of a protein encoded by the target RNA in a cell. The iRNA agent may also be “exactly complementary” to the target RNA, e.g., the target RNA and the iRNA agent anneal, preferably to form a hybrid made exclusively of Watson-Crick base pairs in the region of exact complementarity. A “sufficiently complementary” iRNA agent can include an internal region (e.g., of at least 10 nucleotides) that is exactly complementary to a target HIF-1α RNA. Moreover, in some embodiments, the iRNA agent specifically discriminates a single-nucleotide difference. In this case, the iRNA agent only mediates RNAi if exact complementarity is found in the region (e.g., within 7 nucleotides of) the single-nucleotide difference. Preferred iRNA agents will be based on or consist or comprise the sense and antisense sequences provided in the Examples.

As used herein, “essentially identical” when used referring to a first nucleotide sequence in comparison to a second nucleotide sequence means that the first nucleotide sequence is identical to the second nucleotide sequence except for up to one, two or three nucleotide substitutions (e.g. adenosine replaced by uracil).

As used herein, a “subject” refers to a mammalian organism undergoing treatment for a disorder mediated by HIF-1α expression, such as undergoing treatment prophylactically or therapeutically to prevent HIF-1α production. The subject can be any mammal, such as a primate, cow, horse, mouse, rat, dog, pig, goat. In the preferred embodiment, the subject is a human.

As used herein, treating a disorder mediated by HIF-1α refers to the amelioration of any biological or pathological endpoints that 1) is mediated in part by the unwanted expression or over expression of HIF-1α in the subject and 2) whose outcome can be affected by reducing the level of HIF-1α gene products present.

Design and Selection of iRNA Agents

The present invention is based on the demonstration of target gene silencing of the HIF-1α gene in vivo following local administration an iRNA agent results in reducing biological and pathological processes mediated, at least in part by, HIF-1α expression.

Based on these results, the invention specifically provides an iRNA agent that can be used in reducing HIF-1α levels in a cell or organism, particularly for use in reducing unwanted HIF-1α expression, in isolated form and as a pharmaceutical composition described below. Such agents will include a sense strand having at least 15 or more contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to a HIF-1α gene and an antisense strand having at least 15 or more contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the sense strand sequence. Particularly useful are iRNA agents that comprise a nucleotide sequence from the HIF-1α as provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Other candidate iRNA agents can be designed by performing, for example, a gene walk analysis of the HIF-1α gene that will serve as the iRNA target. Overlapping, adjacent, or closely spaced candidate agents corresponding to all or some of the transcribed region can be generated and tested. Each of the iRNA agents can be tested and evaluated for the ability to down regulate the target gene expression (see below, “Evaluation of Candidate iRNA agents”).

Preferably, the iRNA agents of the present invention are based on and comprise at least 15 or more contiguous nucleotides from one of the iRNA agents shown to be active in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. In such agents, the agent can comprise the entire sequence provided in the table or can comprise 15 or more contiguous residues along with additional nucleotides from contiguous regions of the target gene.

An iRNA agent can be rationally designed based on sequence information and desired characteristics and the information provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. For example, an iRNA agent can be designed according to the relative melting temperature of the candidate duplex. Generally, the duplex should have a lower melting temperature at the 5′ end of the antisense strand than at the 3′ end of the antisense strand.

Accordingly, the present invention provides iRNA agents comprising a sense strand and antisense strand each comprising a sequence of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 23 nucleotides which is essentially identical to, as defined above, a portion of the HIF-1α gene. Exemplified iRNA agents include those that comprise 15 or more contiguous nucleotides from one of the agents provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4.

The antisense strand of an iRNA agent should be equal to or at least, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25, 29, 40, or 50 nucleotides in length. It should be equal to or less than 50, 40, or 30, nucleotides in length. Preferred ranges are 15-30, 17 to 25, 19 to 23, and 19 to 21 nucleotides in length. Exemplified iRNA agents include those that comprise 15 or more nucleotides from one of the agents in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4.

The sense strand of an iRNA agent should be equal to or at least 15, 16 17, 18, 19, 25, 29, 40, or 50 nucleotides in length. It should be equal to or less than 50, 40, or 30 nucleotides in length. Preferred ranges are 15-30, 17 to 25, 19 to 23, and 19 to 21 nucleotides in length. Exemplified iRNA agents include those that comprise 15 or more nucleotides from one of the agents in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4.

The double stranded portion of an iRNA agent should be equal to or at least, 15, 16 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 40, or 50 nucleotide pairs in length. It should be equal to or less than 50, 40, or 30 nucleotides pairs in length. Preferred ranges are 15-30, 17 to 25, 19 to 23, and 19 to 21 nucleotides pairs in length.

The agents provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 21 nucleotides in length for each strand. The iRNA agents contain a 19 nucleotide double stranded region with a 2 nucleotide overhang on each of the 3′ ends of the agent. These agents can be modified as described herein to obtain equivalent agents comprising at least a portion of these sequences (15 or more contiguous nucleotides) and or modifications to the oligonucleotide bases and linkages.

Generally, the iRNA agents of the instant invention include a region of sufficient complementarity to the HIF-1α gene, and are of sufficient length in terms of nucleotides, that the iRNA agent, or a fragment thereof, can mediate down regulation of the specific HIF-1α gene. The antisense strands of the iRNA agents of the present invention are preferably fully complementary to the mRNA sequences of HIF-1α gene. However, it is not necessary that there be perfect complementarity between the iRNA agent and the target, but the correspondence must be sufficient to enable the iRNA agent, or a cleavage product thereof, to direct sequence specific silencing, e.g., by RNAi cleavage of an HIF-1α mRNA.

Therefore, the iRNA agents of the instant invention include agents comprising a sense strand and antisense strand each comprising a sequence of at least 16, 17 or 18 nucleotides which is essentially identical, as defined below, to one of the sequences of a HIF-1α gene such as those agent provided in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, except that not more than 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides per strand, respectively, have been substituted by other nucleotides (e.g. adenosine replaced by uracil), while essentially retaining the ability to inhibit HIF-1α expression in cultured human cells, as defined below. These agents will therefore possess at least 15 or more nucleotides identical to one of the sequences of a HIF-1α gene but 1, 2 or 3 base mismatches with respect to either the target HIF-1α mRNA sequence or between the sense and antisense strand are introduced. Mismatches to the target HIF-1α mRNA sequence, particularly in the antisense strand, are most tolerated in the terminal regions and if present are preferably in a terminal region or regions, e.g., within 6, 5, 4, or 3 nucleotides of a 5′ and/or 3′ terminus, most preferably within 6, 5, 4, or 3 nucleotides of the 5′-terminus of the sense strand or the 3′-terminus of the antisense strand. The sense strand need only be sufficiently complementary with the antisense strand to maintain the overall double stranded character of the molecule.

It is preferred that the sense and antisense strands be chosen such that the iRNA agent includes a single strand or unpaired region at one or both ends of the molecule, such as those exemplified in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. Thus, an iRNA agent contains sense and antisense strands, preferably paired to contain an overhang, e.g., one or two 5′ or 3′ overhangs but preferably a 3′ overhang of 2-3 nucleotides. Most embodiments will have a 3′ overhang. Preferred siRNA agents will have single-stranded overhangs, preferably 3′ overhangs, of 1 to 4, or preferably 2 or 3 nucleotides, in length, on one or both ends of the iRNA agent. The overhangs can be the result of one strand being longer than the other, or the result of two strands of the same length being staggered. 5′-ends are preferably phosphorylated.

Preferred lengths for the duplexed region is between 15 and 30, most preferably 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 nucleotides in length, e.g., in the siRNA agent range discussed above. Embodiments in which the two strands of the siRNA agent are linked, e.g., covalently linked are also included. Hairpin, or other single strand structures which provide the required double stranded region, and preferably a 3′ overhang are also within the invention.

Evaluation of Candidate iRNA Agents

A candidate iRNA agent can be evaluated for its ability to down regulate target gene expression. For example, a candidate iRNA agent can be provided, and contacted with a cell, e.g. a human cell that expresses HIF-1α. Alternatively, the cell can be transfected with a construct from which a target HIF-1α gene is expressed, thus preventing the need for endogenous HIF-1α expression. The level of target gene expression prior to and following contact with the candidate iRNA agent can be compared, e.g. on an mRNA or protein level. If it is determined that the amount of RNA or protein expressed from the target gene is lower following contact with the iRNA agent, then it can be concluded that the iRNA agent down-regulates target gene expression. The level of target HIF-1α mRNA or HIF-1α protein in the cell or tissue can be determined by any method desired. For example, the level of target RNA can be determined by Northern blot analysis, reverse transcription coupled with polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), bDNA analysis, or RNAse protection assay. The level of protein can be determined, for example, by Western blot analysis or immuno-fluorescence.

Stability Testing, Modification, and Retesting of iRNA Agents

A candidate iRNA agent can be evaluated with respect to stability, e.g., its susceptibility to cleavage by an endonuclease or exonuclease, such as when the iRNA agent is introduced into the body of a subject. Methods can be employed to identify sites that are susceptible to modification, particularly cleavage, e.g., cleavage by a component found in the body of a subject.

When sites susceptible to cleavage are identified, a further iRNA agent can be designed and/or synthesized wherein the potential cleavage site is made resistant to cleavage, e.g. by introduction of a 2′-modification on the site of cleavage, e.g. a 2′-O-methyl group. This further iRNA agent can be retested for stability, and this process may be iterated until an iRNA agent is found exhibiting the desired stability. Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 provides a variety of sequence modifications as exemplars.

In Vivo Testing

An iRNA agent identified as being capable of inhibiting HIF-1α gene expression can be tested for functionality in vivo in an animal model (e.g., in a mammal, such as in mouse or rat) as shown in the examples. For example, the iRNA agent can be administered to an animal, and the iRNA agent evaluated with respect to its biodistribution, stability, and its ability to inhibit HIF-1α, e.g. lower HIF-1α protein or gene expression.

The iRNA agent can be administered directly to the target tissue, such as by injection, or the iRNA agent can be administered to the animal model in the same manner that it would be administered to a human.

The iRNA agent can also be evaluated for its intracellular distribution. The evaluation can include determining whether the iRNA agent was taken up into the cell. The evaluation can also include determining the stability (e.g., the half-life) of the iRNA agent. Evaluation of an iRNA agent in vivo can be facilitated by use of an iRNA agent conjugated to a traceable marker (e.g., a fluorescent marker such as fluorescein; a radioactive label, such as ³⁵S, ³²P, ³³P, or ³H; gold particles; or antigen particles for immunohistochemistry).

The iRNA agent can be evaluated with respect to its ability to down regulate HIF-1α gene expression. Levels of HIF-1α gene expression in vivo can be measured, for example, by in situ hybridization, or by the isolation of RNA from tissue prior to and following exposure to the iRNA agent. Where the animal needs to be sacrificed in order to harvest the tissue, an untreated control animal will serve for comparison. Target HIF-1α mRNA can be detected by any desired method, including but not limited to RT-PCR, Northern blot, branched-DNA assay, or RNAase protection assay. Alternatively, or additionally, HIF-1α gene expression can be monitored by performing Western blot analysis on tissue extracts treated with the iRNA agent.

iRNA Chemistry

Described herein are isolated iRNA agents, e.g., ds RNA agents, that mediate RNAi to inhibit expression of a HIF-1α gene.

RNA agents discussed herein include otherwise unmodified RNA as well as RNA which have been modified, e.g., to improve efficacy, and polymers of nucleoside surrogates. Unmodified RNA refers to a molecule in which the components of the nucleic acid, namely sugars, bases, and phosphate moieties, are the same or essentially the same as that which occur in nature, preferably as occur naturally in the human body. The art has referred to rare or unusual, but naturally occurring, RNAs as modified RNAs, see, e.g., Limbach et al., (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 2183-2196. Such rare or unusual RNAs, often termed modified RNAs (apparently because these are typically the result of a post-transcriptional modification) are within the term unmodified RNA, as used herein. Modified RNA as used herein refers to a molecule in which one or more of the components of the nucleic acid, namely sugars, bases, and phosphate moieties, are different from that which occurs in nature, preferably different from that which occurs in the human body. While they are referred to as modified “RNAs,” they will of course, because of the modification, include molecules which are not RNAs. Nucleoside surrogates are molecules in which the ribophosphate backbone is replaced with a non-ribophosphate construct that allows the bases to the presented in the correct spatial relationship such that hybridization is substantially similar to what is seen with a ribophosphate backbone, e.g., non-charged mimics of the ribophosphate backbone. Examples of each of the above are discussed herein.

Modifications described herein can be incorporated into any double-stranded RNA and RNA-like molecule described herein, e.g., an iRNA agent. It may be desirable to modify one or both of the antisense and sense strands of an iRNA agent. As nucleic acids are polymers of subunits or monomers, many of the modifications described below occur at a position which is repeated within a nucleic acid, e.g., a modification of a base, or a phosphate moiety, or the non-linking O of a phosphate moiety. In some cases the modification will occur at all of the subject positions in the nucleic acid but in many, and in fact in most, cases it will not. By way of example, a modification may only occur at a 3′ or 5′ terminal position, may only occur in a terminal region, e.g. at a position on a terminal nucleotide or in the last 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 nucleotides of a strand. A modification may occur in a double strand region, a single strand region, or in both. E.g., a phosphorothioate modification at a non-linking O position may only occur at one or both termini, may only occur in a terminal regions, e.g., at a position on a terminal nucleotide or in the last 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 nucleotides of a strand, or may occur in double strand and single strand regions, particularly at termini. Similarly, a modification may occur on the sense strand, antisense strand, or both. In some cases, the sense and antisense strand will have the same modifications or the same class of modifications, but in other cases the sense and antisense strand will have different modifications, e.g., in some cases it may be desirable to modify only one strand, e.g. the sense strand.

Two prime objectives for the introduction of modifications into iRNA agents is their stabilization towards degradation in biological environments and the improvement of pharmacological properties, e.g. pharmacodynamic properties, which are further discussed below. Other suitable modifications to a sugar, base, or backbone of an iRNA agent are described in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/01193, filed Jan. 16, 2004. An iRNA agent can include a non-naturally occurring base, such as the bases described in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/011822, filed Apr. 16, 2004. An iRNA agent can include a non-naturally occurring sugar, such as a non-carbohydrate cyclic carrier molecule. Exemplary features of non-naturally occurring sugars for use in iRNA agents are described in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/11829 filed Apr. 16, 2003.

An iRNA agent can include an internucleotide linkage (e.g., the chiral phosphorothioate linkage) useful for increasing nuclease resistance. In addition, or in the alternative, an iRNA agent can include a ribose mimic for increased nuclease resistance. Exemplary internucleotide linkages and ribose mimics for increased nuclease resistance are described in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070 filed on Mar. 8, 2004.

An iRNA agent can include ligand-conjugated monomer subunits and monomers for oligonucleotide synthesis. Exemplary monomers are described in co-owned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/916,185, filed on Aug. 10, 2004.

An iRNA agent can have a ZXY structure, such as is described in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070 filed on Mar. 8, 2004.

An iRNA agent can be complexed with an amphipathic moiety. Exemplary amphipathic moieties for use with iRNA agents are described in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070 filed on Mar. 8, 2004.

In another embodiment, the iRNA agent can be complexed to a delivery agent that features a modular complex. The complex can include a carrier agent linked to one or more of (preferably two or more, more preferably all three of): (a) a condensing agent (e.g., an agent capable of attracting, e.g., binding, a nucleic acid, e.g., through ionic or electrostatic interactions); (b) a fusogenic agent (e.g., an agent capable of fusing and/or being transported through a cell membrane); and (c) a targeting group, e.g., a cell or tissue targeting agent, e.g., a lectin, glycoprotein, lipid or protein, e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type. iRNA agents complexed to a delivery agent are described in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070 filed on Mar. 8, 2004.

An iRNA agent can have non-canonical pairings, such as between the sense and antisense sequences of the iRNA duplex. Exemplary features of non-canonical iRNA agents are described in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070 filed on Mar. 8, 2004.

Enhanced Nuclease Resistance

An iRNA agent, e.g., an iRNA agent that targets HIF-1α, can have enhanced resistance to nucleases.

For increased nuclease resistance and/or binding affinity to the target, an iRNA agent, e.g., the sense and/or antisense strands of the iRNA agent, can include, for example, 2′-modified ribose units and/or phosphorothioate linkages. E.g., the 2′ hydroxyl group (OH) can be modified or replaced with a number of different “oxy” or “deoxy” substituents.

Examples of “oxy”-2′ hydroxyl group modifications include alkoxy or aryloxy (OR, e.g., R═H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar); polyethyleneglycols (PEG), O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₂CH₂OR; “locked” nucleic acids (LNA) in which the 2′ hydroxyl is connected, e.g., by a methylene bridge, to the 4′ carbon of the same ribose sugar; O-AMINE and aminoalkoxy, O(CH₂)_(n)AMINE, (e.g., AMINE=NH₂; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl amino, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, or diheteroaryl amino, ethylene diamine, polyamino) It is noteworthy that oligonucleotides containing only the methoxyethyl group (MOE), (OCH₂αH₂OCH₃, a PEG derivative), exhibit nuclease stabilities comparable to those modified with the robust phosphorothioate modification.

“Deoxy” modifications include hydrogen (i.e. deoxyribose sugars, which are of particular relevance to the overhang portions of partially ds RNA); halo (e.g., fluoro); amino (e.g. NH₂; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, diheteroaryl amino, or amino acid); NH(CH₂CH₂NH)_(n)CH₂CH₂-AMINE (AMINE=NH₂; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl amino, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, or diheteroaryl amino), —NHC(O)R (R=alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar), cyano; mercapto; alkyl-thio-alkyl; thioalkoxy; and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl, which may be optionally substituted with e.g., an amino functionality.

Preferred substitutents are 2′-methoxyethyl, 2′-OCH3, 2′-O-allyl, 2′-C— allyl, and 2′-fluoro.

One way to increase resistance is to identify cleavage sites and modify such sites to inhibit cleavage, as described in co-owned U.S. Application No. 60/559,917, filed on May 4, 2004. For example, the dinucleotides 5′-UA-3′,5′-UG-3′,5′-CA-3′,5′-UU-3′, or 5′-CC-3′ can serve as cleavage sites. Enhanced nuclease resistance can therefore be achieved by modifying the 5′ nucleotide, resulting, for example, in at least one 5′-uridine-adenine-3′ (5′-UA-3′) dinucleotide wherein the uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-guanine-3′ (5′-UG-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-cytidine-adenine-3′ (5′-CA-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-uridine-3′ (5′-UU-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; or at least one 5′-cytidine-cytidine-3′ (5′-CC-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide. The iRNA agent can include at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 or at least 5 of such dinucleotides. In certain embodiments, all the pyrimidines of an iRNA agent carry a 2′-modification, and the iRNA agent therefore has enhanced resistance to endonucleases.

To maximize nuclease resistance, the 2′ modifications can be used in combination with one or more phosphate linker modifications (e.g., phosphorothioate). The so-called “chimeric” oligonucleotides are those that contain two or more different modifications.

The inclusion of furanose sugars in the oligonucleotide backbone can also decrease endonucleolytic cleavage. An iRNA agent can be further modified by including a 3′ cationic group, or by inverting the nucleoside at the 3′-terminus with a 3′-3′ linkage. In another alternative, the 3′-terminus can be blocked with an aminoalkyl group, e.g., a 3′ C5-aminoalkyl dT. Other 3′ conjugates can inhibit 3′-5′ exonucleolytic cleavage. While not being bound by theory, a 3′ conjugate, such as naproxen or ibuprofen, may inhibit exonucleolytic cleavage by sterically blocking the exonuclease from binding to the 3′-end of oligonucleotide. Even small alkyl chains, aryl groups, or heterocyclic conjugates or modified sugars (D-ribose, deoxyribose, glucose etc.) can block 3′-5′-exonucleases.

Similarly, 5′ conjugates can inhibit 5′-3′ exonucleolytic cleavage. While not being bound by theory, a 5′ conjugate, such as naproxen or ibuprofen, may inhibit exonucleolytic cleavage by sterically blocking the exonuclease from binding to the 5′-end of oligonucleotide. Even small alkyl chains, aryl groups, or heterocyclic conjugates or modified sugars (D-ribose, deoxyribose, glucose etc.) can block 3′-5′-exonucleases.

An iRNA agent can have increased resistance to nucleases when a duplexed iRNA agent includes a single-stranded nucleotide overhang on at least one end. In preferred embodiments, the nucleotide overhang includes 1 to 4, preferably 2 to 3, unpaired nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment, the unpaired nucleotide of the single-stranded overhang that is directly adjacent to the terminal nucleotide pair contains a purine base, and the terminal nucleotide pair is a G-C pair, or at least two of the last four complementary nucleotide pairs are G-C pairs. In further embodiments, the nucleotide overhang may have 1 or 2 unpaired nucleotides, and in an exemplary embodiment the nucleotide overhang is 5′-GC-3′. In preferred embodiments, the nucleotide overhang is on the 3′-end of the antisense strand. In one embodiment, the iRNA agent includes the motif 5′-CGC-3′ on the 3′-end of the antisense strand, such that a 2-nt overhang 5′-GC-3′ is formed.

Thus, an iRNA agent can include modifications so as to inhibit degradation, e.g., by nucleases, e.g., endonucleases or exonucleases, found in the body of a subject. These monomers are referred to herein as NRMs, or Nuclease Resistance promoting Monomers, the corresponding modifications as NRM modifications. In many cases these modifications will modulate other properties of the iRNA agent as well, e.g., the ability to interact with a protein, e.g., a transport protein, e.g., serum albumin, or a member of the RISC, or the ability of the first and second sequences to form a duplex with one another or to form a duplex with another sequence, e.g., a target molecule.

One or more different NRM modifications can be introduced into an iRNA agent or into a sequence of an iRNA agent. An NRM modification can be used more than once in a sequence or in an iRNA agent.

NRM modifications include some which can be placed only at the terminus and others which can go at any position. Some NRM modifications that can inhibit hybridization are preferably used only in terminal regions, and more preferably not at the cleavage site or in the cleavage region of a sequence which targets a subject sequence or gene, particularly on the antisense strand. They can be used anywhere in a sense strand, provided that sufficient hybridization between the two strands of the ds iRNA agent is maintained. In some embodiments it is desirable to put the NRM at the cleavage site or in the cleavage region of a sense strand, as it can minimize off-target silencing.

In most cases, the NRM modifications will be distributed differently depending on whether they are comprised on a sense or antisense strand. If on an antisense strand, modifications which interfere with or inhibit endonuclease cleavage should not be inserted in the region which is subject to RISC mediated cleavage, e.g., the cleavage site or the cleavage region (As described in Elbashir et al., 2001, Genes and Dev. 15: 188, hereby incorporated by reference). Cleavage of the target occurs about in the middle of a 20 or 21 nt antisense strand, or about 10 or 11 nucleotides upstream of the first nucleotide on the target mRNA which is complementary to the antisense strand. As used herein cleavage site refers to the nucleotides on either side of the site of cleavage, on the target mRNA or on the iRNA agent strand which hybridizes to it. Cleavage region means the nucleotides within 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides of the cleavage site, in either direction.

Such modifications can be introduced into the terminal regions, e.g., at the terminal position or with 2, 3, 4, or 5 positions of the terminus, of a sequence which targets or a sequence which does not target a sequence in the subject.

Tethered Ligands

The properties of an iRNA agent, including its pharmacological properties, can be influenced and tailored, for example, by the introduction of ligands, e.g. tethered ligands.

A wide variety of entities, e.g., ligands, can be tethered to an iRNA agent, e.g., to the carrier of a ligand-conjugated monomer subunit. Examples are described below in the context of a ligand-conjugated monomer subunit but that is only preferred, entities can be coupled at other points to an iRNA agent.

Preferred moieties are ligands, which are coupled, preferably covalently, either directly or indirectly via an intervening tether, to the carrier. In preferred embodiments, the ligand is attached to the carrier via an intervening tether. The ligand or tethered ligand may be present on the ligand-conjugated monomer when the ligand-conjugated monomer is incorporated into the growing strand. In some embodiments, the ligand may be incorporated into a “precursor” ligand-conjugated monomer subunit after a “precursor” ligand-conjugated monomer subunit has been incorporated into the growing strand. For example, a monomer having, e.g., an amino-terminated tether, e.g., TAP-(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ may be incorporated into a growing sense or antisense strand. In a subsequent operation, i.e., after incorporation of the precursor monomer subunit into the strand, a ligand having an electrophilic group, e.g., a pentafluorophenyl ester or aldehyde group, can subsequently be attached to the precursor ligand-conjugated monomer by coupling the electrophilic group of the ligand with the terminal nucleophilic group of the precursor ligand-conjugated monomer subunit tether.

In preferred embodiments, a ligand alters the distribution, targeting or lifetime of an iRNA agent into which it is incorporated. In preferred embodiments a ligand provides an enhanced affinity for a selected target, e.g., molecule, cell or cell type, compartment, e.g., a cellular or organ compartment, tissue, organ or region of the body, as, e.g., compared to a species absent such a ligand.

Preferred ligands can improve transport, hybridization, and specificity properties and may also improve nuclease resistance of the resultant natural or modified oligoribonucleotide, or a polymeric molecule comprising any combination of monomers described herein and/or natural or modified ribonucleotides.

Ligands in general can include therapeutic modifiers, e.g., for enhancing uptake; diagnostic compounds or reporter groups e.g., for monitoring distribution; cross-linking agents; nuclease-resistance conferring moieties; and natural or unusual nucleobases. General examples include lipophilic moleculeses, lipids, lectins, steroids (e.g., uvaol, hecigenin, diosgenin), terpenes (e.g., triterpenes, e.g., sarsasapogenin, Friedelin, epifriedelanol derivatized lithocholic acid), vitamins, carbohydrates (e.g., a dextran, pullulan, chitin, chitosan, inulin, cyclodextrin or hyaluronic acid), proteins, protein binding agents, integrin targeting molecules, polycationics, peptides, polyamines, and peptide mimics.

The ligand may be a naturally occurring or recombinant or synthetic molecule, such as a synthetic polymer, e.g., a synthetic polyamino acid. Examples of polyamino acids include polyamino acid is a polylysine (PLL), poly L-aspartic acid, poly L-glutamic acid, styrene-maleic acid anhydride copolymer, poly(L-lactide-co-glycolied) copolymer, divinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer (HMPA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyurethane, poly(2-ethylacrylic acid), N-isopropylacrylamide polymers, or polyphosphazine. Example of polyamines include: polyethylenimine, polylysine (PLL), spermine, spermidine, polyamine, pseudopeptide-polyamine, peptidomimetic polyamine, dendrimer polyamine, arginine, amidine, protamine, cationic moieties, e.g., cationic lipid, cationic porphyrin, quaternary salt of a polyamine, or an alpha helical peptide.

Ligands can also include targeting groups, e.g., a cell or tissue targeting agent, e.g., a thyrotropin, melanotropin, surfactant protein A, Mucin carbohydrate, a glycosylated polyaminoacid, transferrin, bisphosphonate, polyglutamate, polyaspartate, or an RGD peptide or RGD peptide mimetic.

Ligands can be proteins, e.g., glycoproteins, lipoproteins, e.g. low density lipoprotein (LDL), or albumins, e.g. human serum albumin (HSA), or peptides, e.g., molecules having a specific affinity for a co-ligand, or antibodies e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a cancer cell, endothelial cell, or bone cell. Ligands may also include hormones and hormone receptors. They can also include non-peptidic species, such as cofactors, multivalent lactose, multivalent galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-glucosamine, multivalent mannose, or multivalent fucose. The ligand can be, for example, a lipopolysaccharide, an activator of p38 MAP kinase, or an activator of NF-κB.

The ligand can be a substance, e.g, a drug, which can increase the uptake of the iRNA agent into the cell, for example, by disrupting the cell's cytoskeleton, e.g., by disrupting the cell's microtubules, microfilaments, and/or intermediate filaments. The drug can be, for example, taxon, vincristine, vinblastine, cytochalasin, nocodazole, japlakinolide, latrunculin A, phalloidin, swinholide A, indanocine, or myoservin.

In one aspect, the ligand is a lipid or lipid-based molecule. Such a lipid or lipid-based molecule preferably binds a serum protein, e.g., human serum albumin (HSA). An HSA binding ligand allows for distribution of the conjugate to a target tissue, e.g., liver tissue, including parenchymal cells of the liver. Other molecules that can bind HSA can also be used as ligands. For example, neproxin or aspirin can be used. A lipid or lipid-based ligand can (a) increase resistance to degradation of the conjugate, (b) increase targeting or transport into a target cell or cell membrane, and/or (c) can be used to adjust binding to a serum protein, e.g., HSA.

A lipid based ligand can be used to modulate, e.g., control the binding of the conjugate to a target tissue. For example, a lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA more strongly will be less likely to be targeted to the kidney and therefore less likely to be cleared from the body. A lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA less strongly can be used to target the conjugate to the kidney.

In a preferred embodiment, the lipid based ligand binds HSA. Preferably, it binds HSA with a sufficient affinity such that the conjugate will be preferably distributed to a non-kidney tissue. However, it is preferred that the affinity not be so strong that the HSA-ligand binding cannot be reversed.

In another aspect, the ligand is a moiety, e.g., a vitamin or nutrient, which is taken up by a target cell, e.g., a proliferating cell. These are particularly useful for treating disorders characterized by unwanted cell proliferation, e.g., of the malignant or non-malignant type, e.g., cancer cells. Exemplary vitamins include vitamin A, E, and K. Other exemplary vitamins include the B vitamins, e.g., folic acid, B12, riboflavin, biotin, pyridoxal or other vitamins or nutrients taken up by cancer cells.

In another aspect, the ligand is a cell-permeation agent, preferably a helical cell-permeation agent. Preferably, the agent is amphipathic. An exemplary agent is a peptide such as tat or antennapedia. If the agent is a peptide, it can be modified, including a peptidylmimetic, invertomers, non-peptide or pseudo-peptide linkages, and use of D-amino acids. The helical agent is preferably an alpha-helical agent, which preferably has a lipophilic and a lipophobic phase.

5′-Phosphate Modifications

In preferred embodiments, iRNA agents are 5′ phosphorylated or include a phosphoryl analog at the 5′ prime terminus 5′-phosphate modifications of the antisense strand include those which are compatible with RISC mediated gene silencing. Suitable modifications include: 5′-monophosphate ((HO)₂(O)P—O-5′); 5′-diphosphate ((HO)₂(O)P—O—P(HO)(O)—O-5′); 5′-triphosphate ((HO)₂(O)P—O—(HO)(O)P—O—P(HO)(O)—O-5′); 5′-guanosine cap (7-methylated or non-methylated) (7m-G-O-5′-(HO)(O)P—O—(HO)(O)P—O—P(HO)(O)—O-5′); 5′-adenosine cap (Appp), and any modified or unmodified nucleotide cap structure. Other suitable 5′-phosphate modifications will be knoen to the skilled person.

The sense strand can be modified in order to inactivate the sense strand and prevent formation of an active RISC, thereby potentially reducing off-target effects. This can be accomplished by a modification which prevents 5′-phosphorylation of the sense strand, e.g., by modification with a 5′-O-methyl ribonucleotide (see Nykanen et al., (2001) ATP requirements and small interfering RNA structure in the RNA interference pathway. Cell 107, 309-321.) Other modifications which prevent phosphorylation can also be used, e.g., simply substituting the 5′-OH by H rather than O-Me. Alternatively, a large bulky group may be added to the 5′-phosphate turning it into a phosphodiester linkage.

Delivery of iRNA Agents to Tissues and Cells

Formulation

The iRNA agents described herein can be formulated for administration to a subject, preferably for administration locally to eyes, or parenterally, e.g. via injection.

For ease of exposition, the formulations, compositions, and methods in this section are discussed largely with regard to unmodified iRNA agents. It should be understood, however, that these formulations, compositions, and methods can be practiced with other iRNA agents, e.g., modified iRNA agents, and such practice is within the invention.

A formulated iRNA agent composition can assume a variety of states. In some examples, the composition is at least partially crystalline, uniformly crystalline, and/or anhydrous (e.g., less than 80, 50, 30, 20, or 10% water). In another example, the iRNA agent is in an aqueous phase, e.g., in a solution that includes water, this form being the preferred form for administration via inhalation.

The aqueous phase or the crystalline compositions can be incorporated into a delivery vehicle, e.g., a liposome (particularly for the aqueous phase), or a particle (e.g., a microparticle as can be appropriate for a crystalline composition). Generally, the iRNA agent composition is formulated in a manner that is compatible with the intended method of administration.

An iRNA agent preparation can be formulated in combination with another agent, e.g., another therapeutic agent or an agent that stabilizes an iRNA agent, e.g., a protein that complexes with the iRNA agent to form an iRNP. Still other agents include chelators, e.g., EDTA (e.g., to remove divalent cations such as Mg²⁺), salts, RNAse inhibitors (e.g., a broad specificity RNAse inhibitor such as RNAsin) and so forth.

In one embodiment, the iRNA agent preparation includes another iRNA agent, e.g., a second iRNA agent that can mediate RNAi with respect to a second gene. Still other preparations can include at least three, five, ten, twenty, fifty, or a hundred or more different iRNA species. In some embodiments, the agents are directed to the same gene but different target sequences. In another embodiment, each iRNA agents is directed to a different gene, e.g. VEGF.

Treatment Methods and Routes of Delivery

A composition that includes an iRNA agent of the present invention, e.g., an iRNA agent that targets HIF-1α, can be delivered to a subject by a variety of routes. Exemplary routes include inhalation, intrathecal, parenchymal, intravenous, nasal, oral, and ocular delivery. The preferred means of administering the iRNA agents of the present invention is through direct administration to the eye or systemically through parental administration.

An iRNA agent can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. For example, compositions can include one or more iRNA agents and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein the language “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic, intranasal, transdermal, intrapulmonary), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection, or intrathecal or intraventricular administration.

In general, the delivery of the iRNA agents of the present invention is done to achieve delivery into the subject to the site of infection. The preferred means of achieving this is through either a local administration to the eye, or via systemic administration, e.g. parental administration.

Formulations for direct injection and parenteral administration are well known in the art. Such formulation may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. For intravenous use, the total concentration of solutes should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic.

Administration of the iRNA Agents A patient who has been diagnosed with a disorder characterized by unwanted HIF-1α expression can be treated by administration of an iRNA agent described herein to block the negative effects of HIF-1α, thereby alleviating the symptoms associated with unwanted HIF-1α gene expression. For example, the iRNA agent can alleviate symptoms associated with a disease of the eye, such as a neovascular disorder. In other examples, the iRNA agent can be administered to treat a patient who has a tumor or metastatic cancer, such as colon or breast cancer; a pulmonary disease, such as asthma or bronchitis; or an autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis. The anti-HIF-1α iRNA agents can be administered systemically, e.g., orally or by intramuscular injection or by intravenous injection, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier adapted for the route of administration. An iRNA agent can comprise a delivery vehicle, including liposomes, for administration to a subject, carriers and diluents and their salts, and/or can be present in pharmaceutically acceptable formulations. Methods for the delivery of nucleic acid molecules are described in Akhtar et al., Trends in Cell Bio. 2:139, 1992; Delivery Strategies for Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutics, ed. Akhtar, 1995; Maurer et al., Mol. Membr. Biol., 16:129, 1999; Hofland and Huang, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 137:165, 1999; and Lee et al., ACS Symp. Ser. 752:184, 2000, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Beigelman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,713 and Sullivan et al., PCT WO 94/02595 further describe the general methods for delivery of nucleic acid molecules. Nucleic acid molecules can be administered to cells by a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art, including, but not restricted to, encapsulation in liposomes, by ionophoresis, or by incorporation into other vehicles, such as hydrogels, cyclodextrins (see for example Gonzalez et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 10:1068, 1999), biodegradable nanocapsules, and bioadhesive microspheres, or by proteinaceous vectors (O'Hare and Normand, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/53722).

In the present methods, the iRNA agent can be administered to the subject either as naked iRNA agent, in conjunction with a delivery reagent, or as a recombinant plasmid or viral vector which expresses the iRNA agent. Preferably, the iRNA agent is administered as naked iRNA.

The iRNA agent of the invention can be administered to the subject by any means suitable for delivering the iRNA agent to the cells of the tissue at or near the area of unwanted HIF-1α expression, such as at or near an area of neovascularization. For example, the iRNA agent can be administered by gene gun, electroporation, or by other suitable parenteral administration routes.

Suitable enteral administration routes include oral delivery.

Suitable parenteral administration routes include intravascular administration (e.g., intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolus injection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into the vasculature); peri- and intra-tissue injection (e.g., intraocular injection, intra-retinal injection, or sub-retinal injection); subcutaneous injection or deposition including subcutaneous infusion (such as by osmotic pumps); direct application to the area at or near the site of neovascularization, for example by a catheter or other placement device (e.g., a retinal pellet or an implant comprising a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material). It is preferred that injections or infusions of the iRNA agent be given at or near the site of neovascularization.

The iRNA agent of the invention can be delivered using an intraocular implant. Such implants can be biodegradable and/or biocompatible implants, or may be non-biodegradable implants. The implants may be permeable or impermeable to the active agent, and may be inserted into a chamber of the eye, such as the anterior or posterior chambers, or may be implanted in the sclera, transchoroidal space, or an avascularized region exterior to the vitreous. In a preferred embodiment, the implant may be positioned over an avascular region, such as on the sclera, so as to allow for transscleral diffusion of the drug to the desired site of treatment, e.g., the intraocular space and macula of the eye. Furthermore, the site of transscleral diffusion is preferably in proximity to the macula.

The iRNA agent of the invention can also be administered topically, for example, by patch or by direct application to the eye, or by iontophoresis. Ointments, sprays, or droppable liquids can be delivered by ocular delivery systems known in the art such as applicators or eyedroppers. The compositions can be administered directly to the surface of the eye or to the interior of the eyelid. Such compositions can include mucomimetics such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or poly(vinyl alcohol), preservatives such as sorbic acid, EDTA or benzylchronium chloride, and the usual quantities of diluents and/or carriers.

The iRNA agent of the invention may be provided in sustained release compositions, such as those described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,672,659 and 5,595,760. The use of immediate or sustained release compositions depends on the nature of the condition being treated. If the condition consists of an acute or over-acute disorder, treatment with an immediate release form will be preferred over a prolonged release composition. Alternatively, for certain preventative or long-term treatments, a sustained release composition may be appropriate.

An iRNA agent can be injected into the interior of the eye, such as with a needle or other delivery device.

The iRNA agent of the invention can be administered in a single dose or in multiple doses. Where the administration of the iRNA agent of the invention is by infusion, the infusion can be a single sustained dose or can be delivered by multiple infusions. Injection of the agent directly into the tissue is at or near the site of neovascularization is preferred. Multiple injections of the agent into the tissue at or near the site of neovascularization are also preferred.

Dosage levels on the order of about 1 μg/kg to 100 mg/kg of body weight per administration are useful in the treatment of the neovascular diseases. When administered directly to the eye, the preferred dosage range is about 0.00001 mg to about 3 mg per eye, or preferrably about 0.0001-0.001 mg per eye, about 0.03-3.0 mg per eye, about 0.1-3.0 mg per eye or about 0.3-3.0 mg per eye. One skilled in the art can also readily determine an appropriate dosage regimen for administering the iRNA agent of the invention to a given subject. For example, the iRNA agent can be administered to the subject once, e.g., as a single injection or deposition at or near the neovascularization site. Alternatively, the iRNA agent can be administered once or twice daily to a subject for a period of from about three to about twenty-eight days, more preferably from about seven to about ten days. In a preferred dosage regimen, the iRNA agent is injected at or near a site of unwanted HIF-1α expression (such as near a site of neovascularization) once a day for seven days. Where a dosage regimen comprises multiple administrations, it is understood that the effective amount of iRNA agent administered to the subject can comprise the total amount of iRNA agent administered over the entire dosage regimen. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the exact individual dosages may be adjusted somewhat depending on a variety of factors, including the specific iRNA agent being administered, the time of administration, the route of administration, the nature of the formulation, the rate of excretion, the particular disorder being treated, the severity of the disorder, the pharmacodynamics of the iRNA agent, and the age, sex, weight, and general health of the patient. Wide variations in the necessary dosage level are to be expected in view of the differing efficiencies of the various routes of administration. For instance, oral administration generally would be expected to require higher dosage levels than administration by intravenous or intravitreal injection. Variations in these dosage levels can be adjusted using standard empirical routines of optimization, which are well-known in the art. The precise therapeutically effective dosage levels and patterns are preferably determined by the attending physician in consideration of the above-identified factors.

In addition to treating pre-existing neovascular diseases, iRNA agents of the invention can be administered prophylactically in order to prevent or slow the onset of these and related disorders. In prophylactic applications, an iRNA of the invention is administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular neovascular disorder.

The iRNA agents featured by the invention are preferably formulated as pharmaceutical compositions prior to administering to a subject, according to techniques known in the art. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are characterized as being at least sterile and pyrogen-free. As used herein, “pharmaceutical formulations” include formulations for human and veterinary use. Methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are within the skill in the art, for example as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, 18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1990), and The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 2003, Gennaro et al., the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

The present pharmaceutical formulations comprise an iRNA agent of the invention (e.g., 0.1 to 90% by weight), or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, mixed with a physiologically acceptable carrier medium. Preferred physiologically acceptable carrier media are water, buffered water, normal saline, 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine, hyaluronic acid and the like.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also comprise conventional pharmaceutical excipients and/or additives. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include stabilizers, antioxidants, osmolality adjusting agents, buffers, and pH adjusting agents. Suitable additives include physiologically biocompatible buffers (e.g., tromethamine hydrochloride), additions of chelants (such as, for example, DTPA or DTPA-bisamide) or calcium chelate complexes (as for example calcium DTPA, CaNaDTPA-bisamide), or, optionally, additions of calcium or sodium salts (for example, calcium chloride, calcium ascorbate, calcium gluconate or calcium lactate). Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be packaged for use in liquid form, or can be lyophilized.

For solid compositions, conventional non-toxic solid carriers can be used; for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.

For example, a solid pharmaceutical composition for oral administration can comprise any of the carriers and excipients listed above and 10-95%, preferably 25%-75%, of one or more iRNA agents of the invention.

By “pharmaceutically acceptable formulation” is meant a composition or formulation that allows for the effective distribution of the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention in the physical location most suitable for their desired activity. Non-limiting examples of agents suitable for formulation with the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention include: P-glycoprotein inhibitors (such as PluronicP85), which can enhance entry of drugs into the CNS (Jolliet-Riant and Tillement, Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 13:16, 1999); biodegradable polymers, such as poly (DL-lactide-coglycolide) microspheres for sustained release delivery. Other non-limiting examples of delivery strategies for the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention include material described in Boado et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 87:1308, 1998; Tyler et al., FEBS Lett. 421:280, 1999; Pardridge et al., PNAS USA. 92:5592, 1995; Boado, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 15:73, 1995; Aldrian-Herrada et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 26:4910, 1998; and Tyler et al., PNAS USA 96:7053, 1999.

The invention also features the use of the composition comprising surface-modified liposomes containing poly (ethylene glycol) lipids (PEG-modified, or long-circulating liposomes or stealth liposomes). These formulations offer a method for increasing the accumulation of drugs in target tissues. This class of drug carriers resists opsonization and elimination by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS or RES), thereby enabling longer blood circulation times and enhanced tissue exposure for the encapsulated drug (Lasic et al., Chem. Rev. 95:2601, 1995; Ishiwata et al., Chem. Phare. Bull. 43:1005, 1995).

Such liposomes have been shown to accumulate selectively in tumors, presumably by extravasation and capture in the neovascularized target tissues (Lasic et al., Science 267:1275, 1995; Oku et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1238:86, 1995). The long-circulating liposomes enhance the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DNA and RNA, particularly compared to conventional cationic liposomes which are known to accumulate in tissues of the MPS (Liu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 42:24864, 1995; Choi et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10391; Ansell et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10390; Holland et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10392). Long-circulating liposomes are also likely to protect drugs from nuclease degradation to a greater extent compared to cationic liposomes, based on their ability to avoid accumulation in metabolically aggressive MPS tissues such as the liver and spleen.

The present invention also includes compositions prepared for storage or administration that include a pharmaceutically effective amount of the desired compounds in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Acceptable carriers or diluents for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985), hereby incorporated by reference herein. For example, preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and flavoring agents can be provided. These include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. In addition, antioxidants and suspending agents can be used.

The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can also be administered to a subject in combination with other therapeutic compounds to increase the overall therapeutic effect. The use of multiple compounds to treat an indication can increase the beneficial effects while reducing the presence of side effects.

Alternatively, certain iRNA agents of the instant invention can be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters (e.g., Izant and Weintraub, Science 229:345, 1985; McGarry and Lindquist, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:399, 1986; Scanlon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10591, 1991; Kashani-Sabet et al., Antisense Res. Dev. 2:3, 1992; Dropulic et al., J. Virol. 66:1432, 1992; Weerasinghe et al., J. Virol. 65:5531, 1991; Ojwanget al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10802, 1992; Chen et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 20:4581, 1992; Sarver et al., Science 247:1222, 1990; Thompson et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23:2259, 1995; Good et al., Gene Therapy 4:45, 1997). Those skilled in the art realize that any nucleic acid can be expressed in eukaryotic cells from the appropriate DNA/RNA vector. The activity of such nucleic acids can be augmented by their release from the primary transcript by a enzymatic nucleic acid (Draper et al., PCT WO 93/23569, and Sullivan et al., PCT WO 94/02595; Ohkawa et al., Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 27:156, 1992; Taira et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5125, 1991; Ventura et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 21:3249, 1993; Chowrira et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:25856, 1994).

In another aspect of the invention, RNA molecules of the present invention can be expressed from transcription units (see for example Couture et al., Trends in Genetics 12:510, 1996) inserted into DNA or RNA vectors. The recombinant vectors can be DNA plasmids or viral vectors. iRNA agent-expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus. In another embodiment, pol III based constructs are used to express nucleic acid molecules of the invention (see for example Thompson, U.S. Pats. Nos. 5,902,880 and 6,146,886). The recombinant vectors capable of expressing the iRNA agents can be delivered as described above, and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of nucleic acid molecules. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the iRNA agent interacts with the target mRNA and generates an RNAi response. Delivery of iRNA agent-expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intra-muscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from a subject followed by reintroduction into the subject, or by any other means that would allow for introduction into the desired target cell (for a review see Couture et al., Trends in Genetics 12:510, 1996).

Additional ophthalmic indications for the iRNA agents of the invention include proliferative diabetic retinopathy (the most severe stage of diabetic retinopathy), uveitis (an inflammatory condition of the eye that often leads to macular edema), cystoid macular edema following cataract surgery, myopic degeneration (a condition in which a patient with a high degree of nearsightedness develops choroidal neovascularization), inflammatory macular degeneration (a condition in which a patient with inflammation in the macular area due to infections or other causes, develops choroidal neovascularization), and iris neovascularization (a serious complication of diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion involving new blood vessel growth on the surface of the iris).

Additional non-ophthalmic indications for the iRNA agents of the invention include cancer, including but not limited to renal and colon cancer, and psoriasis. Solid tumors and their metastases rely on new blood vessel growth for their survival.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount present in the composition that is needed to provide the desired level of drug in the subject to be treated to give the anticipated physiological response.

The term “physiologically effective amount” is that amount delivered to a subject to give the desired palliative or curative effect.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means that the carrier can be taken into the subject with no significant adverse toxicological effects on the subject.

The term “co-administration” refers to administering to a subject two or more agents, and in particular two or more iRNA agents. The agents can be contained in a single pharmaceutical composition and be administered at the same time, or the agents can be contained in separate formulation and administered serially to a subject. So long as the two agents can be detected in the subject at the same time, the two agents are said to be co-administered.

The types of pharmaceutical excipients that are useful as carrier include stabilizers such as human serum albumin (HSA), bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides; pH adjusters or buffers; salts such as sodium chloride; and the like. These carriers may be in a crystalline or amorphous form or may be a mixture of the two.

Bulking agents that are particularly valuable include compatible carbohydrates, polypeptides, amino acids or combinations thereof. Suitable carbohydrates include monosaccharides such as galactose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, trehalose, and the like; cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl-.beta.-cyclodextrin; and polysaccharides, such as raffinose, maltodextrins, dextrans, and the like; alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, and the like. A preferred group of carbohydrates includes lactose, threhalose, raffinose maltodextrins, and mannitol. Suitable polypeptides include aspartame. Amino acids include alanine and glycine, with glycine being preferred.

Suitable pH adjusters or buffers include organic salts prepared from organic acids and bases, such as sodium citrate, sodium ascorbate, and the like; sodium citrate is preferred.

Dosage. An iRNA agent can be administered at a unit dose less than about 75 mg per kg of bodyweight, or less than about 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, or 0.0005 mg per kg of bodyweight, and less than 200 nmol of iRNA agent (e.g., about 4.4×1016 copies) per kg of bodyweight, or less than 1500, 750, 300, 150, 75, 15, 7.5, 1.5, 0.75, 0.15, 0.075, 0.015, 0.0075, 0.0015, 0.00075, 0.00015 nmol of iRNA agent per kg of bodyweight. The unit dose, for example, can be administered by injection (e.g., intravenous or intramuscular, intrathecally, or directly into an organ), an inhaled dose, or a topical application.

Delivery of an iRNA agent directly to an organ (e.g., directly to the liver) can be at a dosage on the order of about 0.00001 mg to about 3 mg per organ, or preferably about 0.0001-0.001 mg per organ, about 0.03-3.0 mg per organ, about 0.1-3.0 mg per eye or about 0.3-3.0 mg per organ.

The dosage can be an amount effective to treat or prevent a disease or disorder.

In one embodiment, the unit dose is administered less frequently than once a day, e.g., less than every 2, 4, 8 or 30 days. In another embodiment, the unit dose is not administered with a frequency (e.g., not a regular frequency). For example, the unit dose may be administered a single time. Because iRNA agent mediated silencing can persist for several days after administering the iRNA agent composition, in many instances, it is possible to administer the composition with a frequency of less than once per day, or, for some instances, only once for the entire therapeutic regimen.

In one embodiment, a subject is administered an initial dose, and one or more maintenance doses of an iRNA agent, e.g., a double-stranded iRNA agent, or siRNA agent, (e.g., a precursor, e.g., a larger iRNA agent which can be processed into an siRNA agent, or a DNA which encodes an iRNA agent, e.g., a double-stranded iRNA agent, or siRNA agent, or precursor thereof). The maintenance dose or doses are generally lower than the initial dose, e.g., one-half less of the initial dose. A maintenance regimen can include treating the subject with a dose or doses ranging from 0.01 mg to 75 mg/kg of body weight per day, e.g., 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, or 0.0005 mg per kg of bodyweight per day. The maintenance doses are preferably administered no more than once every 5, 10, or 30 days. Further, the treatment regimen may last for a period of time which will vary depending upon the nature of the particular disease, its severity and the overall condition of the patient. In preferred embodiments the dosage may be delivered no more than once per day, e.g., no more than once per 24, 36, 48, or more hours, e.g., no more than once every 5 or 8 days. Following treatment, the patient can be monitored for changes in his condition and for alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state. The dosage of the compound may either be increased in the event the patient does not respond significantly to current dosage levels, or the dose may be decreased if an alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state is observed, if the disease state has been ablated, or if undesired side-effects are observed.

The effective dose can be administered in a single dose or in two or more doses, as desired or considered appropriate under the specific circumstances. If desired to facilitate repeated or frequent infusions, implantation of a delivery device, e.g., a pump, semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracisternal or intracapsular), or reservoir may be advisable.

Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the compound of the invention is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 mg to 100 g per kg of body weight (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,094).

The concentration of the iRNA agent composition is an amount sufficient to be effective in treating or preventing a disorder or to regulate a physiological condition in humans. The concentration or amount of iRNA agent administered will depend on the parameters determined for the agent and the method of administration, e.g. direct administration to the eye. For example, eye formulations tend to require much lower concentrations of some ingredients in order to avoid irritation or burning of the ocular tissues. It is sometimes desirable to dilute an oral formulation up to 10-100 times in order to provide a suitable ocular formulation.

Certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of an iRNA agent such as an siRNA agent used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays. For example, the subject can be monitored after administering an iRNA agent composition. Based on information from the monitoring, an additional amount of the iRNA agent composition can be administered.

Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease condition to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual compounds, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as further limiting.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Designing Anti-HIF-1α siRNAs Against HIF-1α mRNA

siRNA against HIF-1α mRNA were synthesized chemically using known procedures. The siRNA sequences and some inhibition and IC50 values are listed (see Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4, and FIG. 2). Four different groups of siRNAs were synthesized and tested. The first group, listed in Table 1, were unmodified, except for a few exceptions that included a phosphorothioate modification. The second, third and fourth group, listed in Tables 2, 3 and 4, respectively, included phosphorothioate modifications, 2′O-methyl modifications and 2′-fluoro modifications. Modifications in the oligonucleotide strands were accomplished by using the appropriate modified monomer phosphoramidite as described in detail above.

TABLE 1 HIF-1alpha siRNAs SEQ SEQ oligo sense strand ID oligo antisense strand ID duplex name sequence (5′-3′) NO: name sequence (5′-3′) NO: name AL6070 CUGAUUUGUGAACCCAUUCTT 1 AL6071 GAAUGGGUUCACAAAUCAGTT 25 AL-DP-5567 AL6072 UCCCUUCAACAAACAGAAUTT 2 AL6073 AUUCUGUUUGUUGAAGGGATT 26 AL-DP-5568 AL6074 ACUGCAGGGUGAAGAAUUATsT 3 AL6075 UAAUUCUUCACCCUGCAGUTsT 27 AL-DP-5569 AL6076 ACACAGUGUGUUUGAUUUUTsT 4 AL6077 AAAAUCAAACACACUGUGUTsT 28 AL-DP-5570 AL6078 GCUCCCUAUAUCCCAAUGGTT 5 AL6079 CCAUUGGGAUAUAGGGAGCTT 29 AL-DP-5572 AL6080 UGGACACAGUGUGUUUGAUTsT 6 AL6081 AUCAAACACACUGUGUCCATsT 30 AL-DP-5573 AL6082 UCUGAUCAUCUGACCAAAATT 7 AL6083 UUUUGGUCAGAUGAUCAGATT 31 AL-DP-5574 AL6084 CAGCACGACUUGAUUUUCUTsT 8 AL6085 AGAAAAUCAAGUCGUGCUGTsT 32 AL-DP-5575 AL6086 UGCAGGGUGAAGAAUUACUTT 9 AL6087 AGUAAUUCUUCACCCUGCATT 33 AL-DP-5576 AL6088 CUGGACACAGUGUGUUUGATT 10 AL6089 UCAAACACACUGUGUCCAGTT 34 AL-DP-5577 AL6090 CUCCCUUCAACAAACAGAATT 11 AL6091 UUCUGUUUGUUGAAGGGAGTT 36 AL-DP-5578 AL6092 CUGCAGGGUGAAGAAUUACTsT 12 AL6093 GUAAUUCUUCACCCUGCAGTsT 36 AL-DP-5579 AL6094 GAUGGAAGCACUAGACAAATT 13 AL6095 UUUGUCUAGUGCUUCCAUCTT 37 AL-DP-5580 AL6096 UGCUCAUCAGUUGCCACUUTT 14 AL6097 AAGUGGCAACUGAUGAGCATT 38 AL-DP-5581 AL6098 GAUCAGUUGUCACCAUUAGTT 15 AL6099 CUAAUGGUGACAACUGAUCTT 39 AL-DP-5582 AL6100 GUGGAUAUGUCUGGGUUGATT 16 AL6101 UCAACCCAGACAUAUCCACTT 40 AL-DP-5583 AL6102 UACUGCAGGGUGAAGAAUUTT 17 AL6103 AAUUCUUCACCCUGCAGUATT 41 AL-DP-5584 AL6104 CCUACUGCAGGGUGAAGAATT 18 AL6105 UUCUUCACCCUGCAGUAGGTT 42 AL-DP-5585 AL6106 GCCACUUCGAAGUAGUGCUTT 19 AL6107 AGCACUACUUCGAAGUGGCTT 43 AL-DP-5586 AL6108 AGAGGUGGAUAUGUCUGGGTT 20 AL6109 CCCAGACAUAUCCACCUCUTT 44 AL-DP-5587 AL6110 CUAACUGGACACAGUGUGUTT 21 AL6111 ACACACUGUGUCCAGUUAGTT 46 AL-DP-5588 AL6112 AGUCGGACAGCCUCACCAATT 22 AL6113 UUGGUGAGGCUGUCCGACUTT 46 AL-DP-5589 AL6114 GAGCUUUGGAUCAAGUUAATT 23 AL6115 UUAACUUGAUCCAAAGCUCTT 47 AL-DP-5590 AL6116 GACACAGUGUGUUUGAUUUTsT 24 AL6117 AAAUCAAACACACUGUGUCTsT 48 AL-DP-5571 s: Phosphothioate double overhang design

TABLE 2 HIF-1alpha siRNAs: modified 1 SEQ oligo ID name NO: sequence (5′-3′) sense strand AL6120 49 cuGAuuuGuGAAcccAuucTsT AL6122 50 ucccuucAAcAAAcAGAAuTsT AL6124 51 AcuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuATsT AL6126 52 AcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuuuuTsT AL6128 53 GcucccuAuAucccAAuGGTsT AL6130 54 uGGAcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuTsT AL6132 55 ucuGAucAucuGAccAAAATsT AL6134 56 cAGcAcGAcuuGAuuuucuTsT AL6136 57 uGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuAcuTsT AL6138 58 cuGGAcAcAGuGuGuuuGATsT AL6140 59 cucccuucAAcAAAcAGAATsT AL6142 60 cuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuAcTsT AL6144 61 GAuGGAAGcAcuAGAcAAATsT AL6146 62 uGcucAucAGuuGccAcuuTsT AL6148 63 GAucAGuuGucAccAuuAGTsT AL6150 64 GuGGAuAuGucuGGGuuGATsT AL6152 65 uAcuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuTsT AL6154 66 ccuAcuGcAGGGuGAAGAATsT AL6156 67 GccAcuucGAAGuAGuGcuTsT AL6158 68 AGAGGuGGAuAuGucuGGGTsT AL6160 69 cuAAcuGGAcAcAGuGuGuTsT AL6162 70 AGucGGAcAGccucAccAATsT AL6164 71 GAGcuuuGGAucAAGuuAATsT AL6166 72 GAcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuuuTsT antisense strand AL6121 73 GAAuGGGuucAcAAAucAGTsT AL6123 74 AuucuGuuuGuuGAAGGGATsT AL6125 75 uAAuucuucAcccuGcAGuTsT AL6127 76 AAAAucAAAcAcAcuGuGuTsT AL6129 77 ccAuuGGGAuAuAGGGAGcTsT AL6131 78 AucAAAcAcAcuGuGuccATsT AL6133 79 uuuuGGucAGAuGAucAGATsT AL6135 80 AGAAAAucAAGucGuGcuGTsT AL6137 81 AGuAAuucuucAcccuGcATsT AL6139 82 ucAAAcAcAcuGuGuccAGTsT AL6141 83 uucuGuuuGuuGAAGGGAGTsT AL6143 84 GuAAuucuucAcccuGcAGTsT AL6145 85 uuuGucuAGuGcuuccAucTsT AL6147 86 AAGuGGcAAcuGAuGAGcATsT AL6149 87 cuAAuGGuGAcAAcuGAucTsT AL6151 88 ucAAcccAGAcAuAuccAcTsT AL6153 89 AAuucuucAcccuGcAGuATsT AL6155 90 uucuucAcccuGcAGuAGGTsT AL6157 91 AGcAcuAcuucGAAGuGGcTsT AL6159 92 cccAGAcAuAuccAccucuTsT AL6161 93 AcAcAcuGuGuccAGuuAGTsT AL6163 94 uuGGuGAGGcuGuccGAcuTsT AL6165 95 uuAAcuuGAuccAAAGcucTsT AL6167 96 AAAucAAAcAcAcuGuGucTsT s: Phosphothioate; lower case letter is a 2′OMe modified base; underlined letter is a 2′F base double overhang design

TABLE 3 HIF-1alpha siRNAs: modified 2 SEQ SEQ oligo sense strand ID oligo antisense strand ID duplex name sequence (5′-3′) NO: name sequence (5′-3′) NO: name AL6120 cuGAuuuGuGAAcccAuucTsT 97. AL6324 GAAuGGGuUcAcAAAUcAGTsT 121 AL-DP-5639 AL6122 ucccuucAAcAAAcAGAAuTsT 98. AL6325 AuUCuGuuuGuuGAAGGGATsT 122 AL-DP-5640 AL6124 AcuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuATsT 99. AL6326 uAAuUCuUcACCCuGcAGUTsT 123 AL-DP-5641 AL6126 AcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuuuuTsT 100. AL6327 AAAAUcAAAcAcACuGuGUTsT 124 AL-DP-5642 AL6128 GcucccuAuAucccAAuGGTsT 101. AL6328 CcAuUGGGAuAuAGGGAGCTsT 125 AL-DP-5643 AL6130 uGGAcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuTsT 102. AL6329 AUcAAAcAcACuGuGUCcATsT 126 AL-DP-5644 AL6132 ucuGAucAucuGAccAAAATsT 103. AL6330 uUuuGGUcAGAuGAUcAGATsT 127 AL-DP-5645 AL6134 cAGcAcGAcuuGAuuuucuTsT 104. AL6331 AGAAAAUcAAGUCGuGCuGTsT 128 AL-DP-5646 AL6136 uGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuAcuTsT 105. AL6332 AGuAAuUCuUcACCCuGcATsT 129 AL-DP-5647 AL6138 cuGGAcAcAGuGuGuuuGATsT 106. AL6333 UcAAAcAcACuGuGUCcAGTsT 130 AL-DP-5648 AL6140 cucccuucAAcAAAcAGAATsT 107. AL6334 uUCuGuuuGuuGAAGGGAGTsT 131 AL-DP-5649 AL6142 cuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuAcTsT 108. AL6335 GuAAuUCuUcACCCuGcAGTsT 132 AL-DP-5650 AL6144 GAuGGAAGcAcuAGAcAAATsT 109. AL6336 uuuGUCuAGuGCuUCcAUCTsT 133 AL-DP-5651 AL6146 uGcucAucAGuuGccAcuuTsT 110. AL6337 AAGuGGcAACuGAuGAGcATsT 134 AL-DP-5652 AL6148 GAucAGuuGucAccAuuAGTsT 111. AL6338 CuAAuGGuGAcAACuGAUCTsT 135 AL-DP-5653 AL6150 GuGGAuAuGucuGGGuuGATsT 112. AL6339 UcAACCcAGAcAuAUCcACTsT 136 AL-DP-5654 AL6152 uAcuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuTsT 113. AL6340 AAuUCuUcACCCuGcAGuATsT 137 AL-DP-5655 AL6154 ccuAcuGcAGGGuGAAGAATsT 114. AL6341 uUCuUcACCCuGcAGuAGGTsT 138 AL-DP-5656 AL6156 GccAcuucGAAGuAGuGcuTsT 115. AL6342 AGcACuACuUCGAAGuGGCTsT 139 AL-DP-5657 AL6158 AGAGGuGGAuAuGucuGGGTsT 116. AL6343 CCcAGAcAuAUCcACCUCUTsT 140 AL-DP-5658 AL6160 cuAAcuGGAcAcAGuGuGuTsT 117. AL6344 AcAcACuGuGUCcAGuuAGTsT 141 AL-DP-5659 AL6162 AGucGGAcAGccucAccAATsT 118. AL6345 uuGGuGAGGCuGUCCGACUTsT 142 AL-DP-5660 AL6164 GAGcuuuGGAucAAGuuAATsT 119. AL6346 uuAACuuGAUCcAAAGCUCTsT 143 AL-DP-5661 AL6166 GAcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuuuTsT 120. AL6347 AAAUcAAAcAcACuGuGUCTsT 144 AL-DP-5662 s: Phosphothioate; lower case letter is a 2′OMe modified base; underlined letter is a 2′F base

TABLE 4 HIF-1alpha siRNAs: modified 3 SEQ SEQ ID ID NO: NO: AL6120 cuGAuuuGuGAAcccAuucTsT 145 AL6348 GAAUGGGUUcAcAAAUcAGTsT 169 AL-DP-5663 AL6122 ucccuucAAcAAAcAGAAuTsT 146 AL6349 AUUCUGUUUGUUGAAGGGATsT 170 AL-DP-5664 AL6124 AcuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuATsT 147 AL6350 uAAUUCUUcACCCUGcAGUTsT 171 AL-DP-5665 AL6126 AcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuuuuTsT 148 AL6351 AAAAUcAAAcAcACUGUGUTsT 172 AL-DP-5666 AL6128 GcucccuAuAucccAAuGGTsT 149 AL6352 CcAUUGGGAuAuAGGGAGCTsT 173 AL-DP-5667 AL6130 uGGAcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuTsT 150 AL6353 AUcAAAcAcACUGUGUCcATsT 174 AL-DP-5668 AL6132 ucuGAucAucuGAccAAAATsT 151 AL6354 UUUUGGUcAGAUGAUcAGATsT 175 AL-DP-5669 AL6134 cAGcAcGAcuuGAuuuucuTsT 152 AL6355 AGAAAAUcAAGUCGUGCUGTsT 176 AL-DP-5670 AL6136 uGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuAcuTsT 153 AL6356 AGuAAUUCUUcACCCUGcATsT 177 AL-DP-5671 AL6138 cuGGAcAcAGuGuGuuuGATsT 154 AL6357 UcAAAcAcACUGUGUCcAGTsT 178 AL-DP-5672 AL6140 cucccuucAAcAAAcAGAATsT 155 AL6358 UUCUGUUUGUUGAAGGGAGTsT 179 AL-DP-5673 AL6142 cuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuAcTsT 156 AL6359 GuAAUUCUUcACCCUGcAGTsT 180 AL-DP-5674 AL6144 GAuGGAAGcAcuAGAcAAATsT 157 AL6360 UUUGUCuAGUGCUUCcAUCTsT 181 AL-DP-5675 AL6146 uGcucAucAGuuGccAcuuTsT 158 AL6361 AAGUGGcAACUGAUGAGcATsT 182 AL-DP-5676 AL6148 GAucAGuuGucAccAuuAGTsT 159 AL6362 CuAAUGGUGAcAACUGAUCTsT 183 AL-DP-5677 AL6150 GuGGAuAuGucuGGGuuGATsT 160 AL6363 UcAACCcAGAcAuAUCcACTsT 184 AL-DP-5678 AL6152 uAcuGcAGGGuGAAGAAuuTsT 161 AL6364 AAUUCUUcACCCUGcAGuATsT 185 AL-DP-5679 AL6154 ccuAcuGcAGGGuGAAGAATsT 162 AL6365 UUCUUcACCCUGcAGuAGGTsT 186 AL-DP-5680 AL6156 GccAcuucGAAGuAGuGcuTsT 163 AL6366 AGcACuACUUCGAAGUGGCTsT 187 AL-DP-5681 AL6158 AGAGGuGGAuAuGucuGGGTsT 164 AL6367 CCcAGAcAuAUCcACCUCUTsT 188 AL-DP-5682 AL6160 cuAAcuGGAcAcAGuGuGuTsT 165 AL6368 AcAcACUGUGUCcAGUuAGTsT 189 AL-DP-5683 AL6162 AGucGGAcAGccucAccAATsT 166 AL6369 UUGGUGAGGCUGUCCGACUTsT 190 AL-DP-5684 AL6164 GAGcuuuGGAucAAGuuAATsT 167 AL6370 UuAACUUGAUCcAAAGCUCTsT 191 AL-DP-5685 AL6166 GAcAcAGuGuGuuuGAuuuTsT 168 AL6371 AAAUcAAAcAcACUGUGUCTsT 192 AL-DP-5686 s: Phosphothioate; lower case letter is a 2′OMe modified base; underlined letter is a 2′F base double overhang design

Example 2 HIF-1α siRNA In Vitro Screening Protocol

HeLa cells were grown at 37° C. in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Twenty-four hours prior to siRNA transfection, cells were seeded on 96-well plates at a concentration of 10,000 cells/well in antibiotic-free, DMEM. Cells were then transfected with HIF-1α targeting siRNAs at a concentration of 0.3 nM using Oligofectamine (Invitrogen). After 24 h, HIF-1α mRNA levels were determined in cell lysates using the bDNA assay (Genospectra). GAPDH mRNA levels were used to normalize the HIF-1α mRNA levels. Gene silencing mediated by each HIF-1α targeting siRNA was represented relative to an unrelated control siRNA. Data is shown in Table 5 (FIG. 3). 

1. An iRNA agent, comprising a sense sequence and an antisense sequence, wherein the sense sequence comprises a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides from the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 2. The iRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the antisense sequence comprises a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides from the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:32.
 3. The iRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:8.
 4. The iRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:8 and the antisense sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:32
 5. The iRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:8 and the antisense sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:32.
 6. The iRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:56 and the antisense sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:80.
 7. The iRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:104 and the antisense sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:128.
 8. The iRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:152 and the antisense sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:176.
 9. The iRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the iRNA agent further comprises a non-nucleotide moiety.
 10. The iRNA of claim 1, wherein the sense and antisense sequences are stabilized against nucleolytic degradation.
 11. The iRNA agent of claim 1, further comprising one 3′-overhang wherein said 3′-overhang comprises from 1 to 6 nucleotides.
 12. The iRNA of claim 11, further comprising a second 3′-overhang wherein said second 3′-overhang comprises from 1 to 6 nucleotides.
 13. The iRNA agent of claim 1, further comprising a phosphorothioate at the first internucleotide linkage at the 5′ end of the antisense and sense sequences.
 14. The iRNA agent of claim 1, further comprising a phosphorothioate at the first internucleotide linkage at the 3′ end of the antisense and sense sequences.
 15. The iRNA agent of claim 1, further comprising a phosphorothioate at the first internucleotide linkage at the 5′ end of the antisense and sense sequences, and a phosphorothioate at the first internucleotide linkage at the 3′ end of the antisense and sense sequences.
 16. The iRNA agent of claim 1, further comprising a 2′-modified nucleotide.
 17. The iRNA agent of claim 16, wherein the 2′-modified nucleotide comprises a modification selected from the group consisting of: 2′-deoxy, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-β-methoxyethyl (2′-O-MOE), 2′-O-aminopropyl (2′-O-AP), 2′-O-dimethylaminoethyl (2′-O-DMAOE), 2′-O-dimethylaminopropyl (2′-O-DMAP), 2′-O-dimethylaminoethyloxyethyl (2′-O-DMAEOE), and 2′-O—N-methylacetamido (2′-O-NMA).
 18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an iRNA agent of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 19. A method of reducing the amount of HIF-1α RNA in a cell of a subject, comprising contacting the cell with the iRNA agent of claim
 1. 20. A method of making the iRNA agent of claim 1, the method comprising the synthesis of the iRNA agent, wherein the sense and antisense sequences comprise at least one modification that stabilizes the iRNA agent against nucleolytic degradation.
 21. A method of inhibiting HIF-1α expression comprising administering an effective amount of the iRNA agent of claim
 1. 22. A method of treating a human diagnosed as having or at risk for having age-related macular degeneration (AMD), comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the iRNA agent of claim
 1. 